Symbols
How to use
Click on a symbol to copy it.
Ultra-common
- en dash:
– - apostrophe:
’ -
ellipsis / ellipses:
… -
single quotation marks:
‘’ -
double quotation marks:
“” -
micro:
µ - not equal:
≠ - approximately equal:
≈ - less than or equal:
≤ - greater than or equal:
≥ - superscript minus 1:
⁻¹
UI
- whitespace marker /
␣:␣ - check mark:
✔ - X mark:
✗ - warning:
⚠ - gear:
⚙ - recycling:
♻ - information:
ℹ - place of interest / command (on macOS):
⌘ - alternative symbol / option (on macOS):
⌥ - globe / fn (on macOS):
🌐 - half star
⯪
(caution: most fonts lack glyphs)
Punctuation
Dashes
- en dash:
– - em dash:
— - figure dash:
‒ - horizontal bar:
―
Bullets
- middle dot (cdot):
· - bullet:
• - hyphen bullet:
⁃ - triangle bullet:
‣
Miscellaneous
- apostrophe:
’ - ellipsis / ellipses:
… - midline horizontal ellipsis/ellipses:
⋯ - interpunct:
· - non-breaking space:
( ) - non-breaking hyphen:
‑(‑)
Quotation marks, parentheses, and brackets
- single quotation marks:
‘’ - double quotation marks:
“” - superscript parentheses:
⁽⁾ -
subscript parentheses:
₍₎ -
tortoise shells:
❲❳ - single chevrons:
‹› - double chevrons:
«» - corner brackets:
「」 - curved angle brackets:
⧼⧽
Footnote marks
Recommended
- footnote dagger:
† - double dagger:
‡ - section mark:
§ - musical sharp:
♯ - musical natural:
♮ - lozenge:
◊
Other
- small asterisk:
⁎ - paragraph mark (false pilcrow):
¶ - musical flat:
♭ - musical quarter note:
♩ - fleuron:
☙ - spades:
♤ - hearts:
♡ - clubs:
♧
Arrows
One-way, simple
- left arrow:
← - right arrow:
→ - up arrow:
↑ - down arrow:
↓ - left arrow from bar:
↤ - right arrow from bar:
↦ - left arrow to bar:
⇤ - right arrow to bar:
⇥
One-way, curved
- clockwise arrow:
↻ - anticlockwise arrow:
↺ - left arrow with hook:
↩ - right arrow with hook:
↪
One-way, long
- long left arrow:
⟵ - long right arrow:
⟶ - long left arrow from bar:
⟻ - long right arrow from bar:
⟼
One-way, double
- left double arrow:
⇒ - right double arrow:
⇐
One-way, large
- left white arrow:
⇦ - right white arrow:
⇨ - up white arrow:
⇧ - down white arrow:
⇩
Two-way, simple
- left–right arrow:
↔ - up–down arrow:
↕ - right arrow over left arrow:
⇄ - left arrow over right arrow:
⇆
Two-way, other
- long left–right arrow:
⟷ - double left–right arrow:
⇔
Arrow-like
- triple < (technically, very much less):
⋘ - triple > (technically, very much greater):
⋙
Superscript and subscript
Superscript
- superscript 0:
⁰ - superscript 1:
¹ - superscript 2:
² - superscript 3:
³ - superscript 4:
⁴ - superscript 5:
⁵ - superscript 6:
⁶ - superscript 7:
⁷ - superscript 8:
⁸ -
superscript 9:
⁹ -
superscript plus:
⁺ - superscript minus:
⁻ - superscript i:
ⁱ - superscript n:
ⁿ - superscript parentheses:
⁽⁾
Subscript
- subscript 0:
₀ - subscript 1:
₁ - subscript 2:
₂ - subscript 3:
₃ - subscript 4:
₄ - subscript 5:
₅ - subscript 6:
₆ - subscript 7:
₇ - subscript 8:
₈ -
subscript 9:
₉ -
subscript plus:
₊ - subscript minus:
₋ - subscript plus:
₊ - subscript equals:
₌ - subscript i:
ᵢ - subscript k:
ₖ - subscript m:
ₘ - subscript n:
ₙ - subscript s:
ₛ - subscript t:
ₜ - subscript parentheses:
₍₎
Mathematical
When to use these
Some characters might be used in non-mathematical contexts, such as in (−1.6 ±0.2) µm (SE). Of course, LaTeX and MathML are always better for typesetting math. But in (say) source code comments, using the correct Unicode characters can improve readability. For example, this is quite readable:
Common
- minus:
− - plus-minus:
± - multiplication / times:
× - increment / change:
∆ - ell:
ℓ - infinity:
∞ -
sine wave:
∿ -
tilde (operator):
∼ - proportional:
∝ - ring operator / composition:
∘ -
dot operator / dot product:
⋅ -
right arrow:
→ - maps to:
↦ - implies (double):
⇒ -
implies (long, double):
⟹ -
empty set / null:
∅ -
degree:
° - micro:
µ -
Angstrom:
Å -
prime:
′ - double prime:
″ - triple prime:
‴
Brackets
- angle brackets:
⟨⟩ - double angle brackets:
⟪⟫ - ceiling:
⌈⌉ - floor:
⌊⌋
Equality and inequality
- not equal:
≠ - “almost” equal / approximation:
≈ - “approximately” equal / isomorphic:
≅ - asymptotically equal / similar / homotopic:
≃ - equivalent / congruent:
≡ - not approximately equal:
≇ - colon equals:
≔ - question equal:
≟
Ordering operators
- less than or equal:
≤ - greater than or equal:
≥ - much less:
≪ - much greater:
≫
Logic
- true / truth:
⊤ - false / falsity:
⊥ - for all / forall:
∀ - there exists:
∃ - there does not exist:
∄ - complement:
∁ - negation / not:
¬
Boolean operators
- and (wedge):
∧ - or (vee):
∨ - xor (vee bar):
⊻ - nand:
⊼ -
nor:
⊽ -
implies (single):
→ - implies (double):
⇒ -
implies (long, double):
⟹ -
iff (single):
↔ - iff (double):
⇔ -
iff (long, double):
⟺ -
turnstile / proves / syntactic consequence:
⊢ - double turnstile / entails / semantic consequence:
⊨ - bidirectional turnstile / syntactic equivalence:
⟛ - bidirectional double turnstile / semantic equivalence:
⟚
Set theory
- empty set:
∅ - element of:
∈ -
not element of:
∉ -
union:
⋃ - intersection:
⋂ -
set minus:
∖ -
right arrow:
→ - maps to:
↦
Set comparison operators
- proper subset:
⊂ - proper superset:
⊃ - subset or equal:
⊆ -
superset or equal: ⊇
-
not a proper subset:
⊄ - not a proper superset:
⊅ - neither subset nor equal:
⊈ - neither superset nor equal:
⊉
Ordered set operators
- strictly precedes:
≺ - strictly succeeds:
≻ - precedes or equals:
≾ -
succeeds or equals:
≽ -
does not strictly precede:
⊀ - does not strictly succeed:
⊁ - neither precedes nor equals:
⋠ - neither succeeds nor equals:
⋟ - equivalent in rank (tilde):
∼
Type theory and lattices
- equivalent type (tilde):
∼ - refines (is subtype):
⊑ - refined by (is supertype):
⊒ - strictly refines:
⊏ - strictly refined by:
⊐ - top type (universal type):
⊤ - bottom type (uninhabited type):
⊥
Morphology
- dilation:
⊕ - erosion:
⊖ - closing / black circle:
● - opening / white circle:
○
Blackboard
- blackboard B / booleans / ball:
𝔹 - blackboard C / complex numbers:
ℂ - blackboard D / disk:
𝔻 - blackboard E / expectation:
𝔼 - blackboard F / finite field:
𝔽 - blackboard H / quaternions:
ℍ - blackboard I / interval:
𝕀 - blackboard M / monads:
𝕄 - blackboard N / natural numbers:
ℕ - blackboard P / probability measure / prime numbers:
ℙ - blackboard Q / rational numbers:
ℚ - blackboard R / real numbers:
ℝ - blackboard S / spheres:
𝕊 - blackboard T:
𝕋 - blackboard U / universe:
𝕌 - blackboard V / vector spaces:
𝕍 -
blackboard Z / integers:
ℤ -
natural numbers (including zero):
ℕ₀ - positive integers:
ℤ⁺ - negative integers:
ℤ⁻ - positive reals:
ℝ⁺ -
negative reals:
ℝ⁻ -
blackboard 1 / identity:
𝟙 - blackboard Sigma:
⅀ - blackboard Pi:
ℿ
Mathcal-like (bold)
- mathcal D / differential operator:
𝓓 - mathcal F / σ-algebra:
𝓕 - mathcal H / Hilbert space:
𝓗 - mathcal J / ideal (ring theory):
𝓙 - mathcal L / Lagrangian:
𝓛 - mathcal O / big-O:
𝓞 - mathcal P / power set:
𝓟 - mathcal T / transform:
𝓣
N-ary operators
- circled plus / direct sum:
⊕ - circled times / tensor product:
⊗ - n-ary summation:
∑ - n-ary product:
∏
Miscellaneous operators
- star operator:
⋆
Calculus
- partial derivative:
∂ - del / nabla:
∇ - div:
∇⋅ - curl:
∇× - integral:
∫ - line integral:
∮
Greek letters
Lowercase
- alpha:
α - beta:
β - gamma:
γ - delta:
δ - epsilon:
ε - zeta:
ζ - eta:
η - theta:
θ - iota:
ι - kappa:
κ - lambda:
λ - mu:
μ - nu:
ν - xi:
ξ - omicron:
ο - pi:
π - rho:
ρ - sigma:
σ - tau:
τ - upsilon:
υ - phi:
φ - varphi:
φ - chi:
χ - psi:
ψ - omega:
ω
Uppercase
- Gamma:
Γ - Delta:
Δ - Theta:
Θ - Lambda:
Λ - Xi:
Ξ - Pi:
Π - Sigma:
Σ - Phi:
Φ - Psi:
Ψ - Omega:
Ω