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Git, SSH, and GPG

These instructions should work for Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Note

Install Git, SSH, GPG, and the GitHub CLI before proceeding. Follow the Linux setup guide, macOS setup guide, or Windows setup guide.

Configure Git

Configure your username and email:

git config --global user.name "your_username"
git config --global user.email "email_used_for_github@address.tld"

To clone with https, you may need to add the git https helper. Run sudo apt install libcurl4-openssl-dev in Ubuntu or dnf install curl-devel in Fedora.

Set up SSH keys

What you’ll be doing

SSH keys provide asymmetric cryptography for securing your connections. In asymmetric cryptography, there are two keys: a public one and a private one. The public key encrypt messages, while the private one is needed to decrypt them. This means that you could send your public key out to everyone. But your private key must remain on your computer and be secure. For historical reasons, SSH, OpenSSL, and GPG provide independent mechanisms, but they’re similar.

Generate a new SSH key

Add it to the ssh-agent

Add it to GitHub

Configure SSH

About these steps

Disable SSH agent forwarding, which is very insecure. Also disable X forwarding, which also has security concerns. These are usually the defaults.

Create or edit ~/.ssh/config. Replace the contents with the following.

AddKeysToAgent yes
ForwardAgent no
ForwardX11 no
ForwardX11Trusted no

# Modify these as needed
Host *
ServerAliveInterval 60
ServerAliveCountMax 1200

Host github
HostName github.com
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
User kelly@gmail.com

Tip

If needed, fix permissions with this snippet:

chmod 600 "~/.ssh/*"
chmod 700 "~/.ssh/"
[[ -e "~/.ssh/config" ]] && chmod 700 "~/.ssh/config"
[[ -e "~/.ssh/known_hosts" ]] && chmod 700 "~/.ssh/known_hosts"
chmod 644 "~/.ssh/*.pub"
[[ -e "~/.ssh/authorized_keys" ]] && chmod 644 "~/.ssh/authorized_keys"

Optional: Connect to another server

To set up your keys to connect to another server, run ssh-copy-id to transfer your key. Also add it to your config:

Host lab
HostName my.server.x
User kelly
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

Note

Some servers might not support EdDSA yet. If this is the case, generate another pair of keys: 

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -o -a 100 -T ~/.ssh/id_rsa
Substitute id_ed25519 for id_rsa in your config.

Optional: Allow remote access

You will need to install and configure the SSH server.

sudo apt install openssh-server
sudo systemctl enable ssh

Open port 22:

sudo ufw allow 22

sudo dnf install openssh-server
sudo systemctl enable ssh

firewalld should accept communications over port 22 without additional configuration. If not, look for firewalld guides (and shoot me a message).

Enable “Remote Login” and “Allow full disk access for remote users” under Sharing settings.

Enable “OpenSSH server” under Optional Features.

Alternative to GPG: Sign with SSH

As of August 2022, GitHub supports signing with SSH keys, which you can use instead. This is an alternative to signing with GPG keys. However, this has no significant advantages, is more limited, and may be less secure.

If you still want to sign with SSH keys

Run: 

git config --global gpg.format ssh
git config --global user.signingkey ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
git config --global commit.gpgsign true

Note: Although the config keys are gpg.format and gpg.format, it will actually use SSH.

Set up GPG keys

Generate a key pair

Also see GitHub’s guide to generating GPG keys. You may consider using an @users.noreply email address per their suggestion.

  1. Install GPG:

    sudo apt install gnupg

    sudo dnf install gnupg

    brew install gnupg

    choco install gnupg (as an administrator)

  2. Launch gpg-agent by running 

    gpg-connect-agent reloadagent /bye

  3. Then, generate a key pair by running

    gpg --full-generate-key -t ed25519

    Use your full name and the email address you used on GitHub. As with SSH keys, you may choose to use a passphrase. Choose a reasonable expiration date.

Tell Git to use your GPG key

To see your generate key pair, run

gpg --list-keys --keyid-format long

sec   ed25519 2023-11-04 [SC] [expires: 2025-11-03]                (1)!
      983C8320158FBB03818D3910C01A28311C1501SH                     (2)!
uid           [ultimate] Kerri Johnson <kerri-johnson@hotmail.com>
ssb   cv25519 2023-11-04 [E] [expires: 2025-08-03]
  1. Check the type: pub is public; sec is your private key. Here, we want sec.
  2. This is your key ID. (Note: There may be a prefix, using / as a seperator.)

If you have multiple keys, make sure to select the one you want. Using your secret key ID, run:

git config --global\
  --unset gpg.format
git config --global\
  commit.gpgsign true
git config --global\
  user.signingkey 983C8320158FBB03818D3910C01A28311C1501SH

Upload the GPG key to GitHub

Using your secret key ID, run

gpg \
  --armor\
  --export 983C8320158FBB03818D3910C01A28311C1501SH\
  --output key.private.gpg

Then upload to GitHub by running the following.

gh gpg-key add key.private.gpg --title "IBM Laptop" # (1)!
  1. Use a good title.

Delete the key.private.gpg file when done.

Optional: Publicize your public key

Note

This assumes that you used a real email address, not a @users.noreply.github.com address.

To list your public keys, run

gpg --list-keys --keyid-format long

You’ll see this:

pub   ed25519 2023-11-04 [SC] [expires: 2025-11-03]                (1)!
      AC03281HD01A83C8DD50A9BEAA130FA03599207C                     (2)!
uid           [ultimate] Kerri Johnson <kerri.johnson@hotmail.com>
sub   cv25519 2023-11-04 [E] [expires: 2025-11-03]
  1. Check the type: pub is public; sec is your private key. Here, we want pub.
  2. This is your key ID. (Note: There may be a prefix, using / as a seperator.)

Warning

Make sure you are using your public (pub) key, not your private key (sec).

Using your public key ID, run the following to get a key file called kerri-johnson.pub.asc:

gpg\
  --armor\
  --export AC03281HD01A83C8DD50A9BEAA130FA03599207C\
  --output kerri-johnson.asc

You can make this file available publicly, such as on your website.

Thanks

Thank you to Cole Helsell for drafting this guide with me.