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Click-to-copy symbols

This is here because I sometimes used Windows and don’t know the shortcuts.

Click on a symbol to copy it.

Ultra-common

  • en dash:
  • apostrophe:
  • ellipsis:

  • single quotation marks: ‘’

  • double quotation marks: “”

  • micro: µ

  • not equal:
  • approximately equal:
  • less than or equal:
  • greater than or equal:
  • superscript minus 1: ⁻¹

Punctuation

Dashes

  • en dash:
  • em dash:
  • figure dash:
  • horizontal bar:

Bullets

  • middle dot: ·
  • bullet:
  • hyphen bullet:
  • triangle bullet:

Miscellaneous

  • apostrophe:
  • ellipsis:
  • midline horizontal ellipsis:
  • interpunct: ·
  • non-breaking space: ( )
  • non-breaking hyphen: (‑)

Quotation marks, parentheses, and brackets

  • single quotation marks: ‘’
  • double quotation marks: “”
  • superscript parentheses: ⁽⁾
  • subscript parentheses: ₍₎

  • tortoise shells: ❲❳

  • single chevrons: ‹›
  • double chevrons: «»
  • corner brackets: 「」
  • curved angle brackets: ⧼⧽

Footnote marks

  • footnote dagger:
  • double dagger:
  • section mark: §
  • musical sharp:
  • musical natural:
  • lozenge:

Other

  • small asterisk:
  • paragraph mark (false pilcrow):
  • musical flat:
  • musical quarter note:
  • fleuron:
  • spades:
  • hearts:
  • clubs:

Arrows

One-way, simple

  • left arrow:
  • right arrow:
  • up arrow:
  • down arrow:
  • left arrow from bar:
  • right arrow from bar:
  • left arrow to bar:
  • right arrow to bar:

One-way, curved

  • clockwise arrow:
  • anticlockwise arrow:
  • left arrow with hook:
  • right arrow with hook:

One-way, long

  • long left arrow:
  • long right arrow:
  • long left arrow from bar:
  • long right arrow from bar:

One-way, double

  • left double arrow:
  • right double arrow:

One-way, large

  • left white arrow:
  • right white arrow:
  • up white arrow:
  • down white arrow:

Two-way, simple

  • left–right arrow:
  • up–down arrow:
  • right arrow over left arrow:
  • left arrow over right arrow:

Two-way, other

  • long left–right arrow:
  • double left–right arrow:

Superscript and subscript

Superscript

  • superscript 0:
  • superscript 1: ¹
  • superscript 2: ²
  • superscript 3: ³
  • superscript 4:
  • superscript 5:
  • superscript 6:
  • superscript 7:
  • superscript 8:
  • superscript 9:

  • superscript minus:

  • superscript i:
  • superscript n:
  • superscript parentheses: ⁽⁾

Subscript

  • subscript 0:
  • subscript 1:
  • subscript 2:
  • subscript 3:
  • subscript 4:
  • subscript 5:
  • subscript 6:
  • subscript 7:
  • subscript 8:
  • subscript 9:

  • subscript minus:

  • subscript plus:
  • subscript equals:
  • subscript i:
  • subscript k:
  • subscript m:
  • subscript n:
  • subscript s:
  • subscript t:
  • subscript parentheses: ₍₎

Mathematical

When to use these

Some characters might be used in non-mathematical contexts, such as in (−1.6 ±0.2) µm (SE). Of course, LaTeX and MathML are always better for typesetting math. But in (say) source code comments, using the correct Unicode characters can improve readability. For example, this is quite readable:

# For any nonzero input vector p, p×Mₜ ∝ M₀ (for iteration t) is approximately our initial M.
# That is, formally: ∀p≠0 ∈ ℝ³, ∃λ s.t. λp×Mₜ ≈ M₀
# So, we first confirm that p is not the zero vector, then determine the scalar λ/lambda_.
if np.isclose(vector, np.zeros(3), rtol=1E-7): ...

Common

  • minus:
  • plus-minus: ±
  • multiplication / times: ×
  • increment / change:
  • ell:
  • infinity:

  • tilde (operator):

  • proportional:
  • right arrow:
  • maps to:
  • empty set:

  • degree: °

  • micro: µ
  • Angstrom: Å

  • prime:

  • double prime:
  • triple prime:

Brackets

  • angle brackets: ⟨⟩
  • double angle brackets: ⟪⟫
  • ceiling: ⌈⌉
  • floor: ⌊⌋

Equality and inequality operators

  • not equal:
  • “almost” equal / approximation:
  • “approximately” equal / isomorphic:
  • asymptotically equal / similar / homotopic:
  • equivalent / congruent:
  • not approximately equal:
  • colon equals:
  • question equal:

Ordering operators

  • less than or equal:
  • greater than or equal:
  • much less:
  • much greater:

Logic

  • true:
  • false:
  • for all / forall:
  • there exists:
  • complement:
  • negation / not: ¬

Boolean operators

  • and (wedge):
  • or (vee):
  • xor (wedge):
  • nand:
  • nor:

  • implies (single):

  • implies (double):
  • implies (long, double):

  • iff (single):

  • iff (double):
  • iff (long, double):

Operators on sets

  • element of:
  • not element of:
  • union:
  • intersection:
  • set minus:

Set comparison operators

  • proper subset:
  • proper superset:
  • subset or equal:
  • superset or equal:

  • not a proper subset:

  • not a proper superset:
  • neither subset nor equal:
  • neither superset nor equal:

Ordered set operators

  • strictly precedes:
  • strictly succeeds:
  • precedes or equals:
  • succeeds or equals:

  • does not strictly precede:

  • does not strictly succeed:
  • neither precedes nor equals:
  • neither succeeds nor equals:
  • equivalent in rank (tilde):

Type theory and lattices

  • equivalent type (tilde):
  • refines (is subtype):
  • refined by (is supertype):
  • strictly refines:
  • strictly refined by:
  • top type (universal type):
  • bottom type (uninhabited type):

Blackboard

  • blackboard 1 / identity: 𝟙
  • blackboard B / booleans: 𝔹
  • blackboard C / complex numbers:
  • blackboard E / expectation: 𝔼
  • blackboard F / finite field: 𝔽
  • blackboard H / quaternions:
  • blackboard N / natural numbers:
  • blackboard P / probability measure:
  • blackboard Q / rational numbers:
  • blackboard R / real numbers:
  • blackboard Z / integers:

Mathcal-like (bold)

  • mathcal D / differential operator: 𝓓
  • mathcal F / σ-algebra: 𝓕
  • mathcal H / Hilbert space: 𝓗
  • mathcal J / ideal (ring theory): 𝓙
  • mathcal L / Lagrangian: 𝓛
  • mathcal O / big-O: 𝓞
  • mathcal P / power set: 𝓟
  • mathcal T / transform: 𝓣

Miscellaneous

  • composition:
  • circled times / tensor product:
  • circled plus / direct sum:
  • partial derivative:
  • integral:
  • line integral:
  • sine wave:

Greek letters

Lowercase

  • alpha: α
  • beta: β
  • gamma: γ
  • delta: δ
  • epsilon: ε
  • zeta: ζ
  • eta: η
  • theta: θ
  • iota: ι
  • kappa: κ
  • lambda: λ
  • mu: μ
  • nu: ν
  • xi: ξ
  • omicron: ο
  • pi: π
  • rho: ρ
  • sigma: σ
  • tau: τ
  • upsilon: υ
  • phi: φ
  • varphi: φ
  • chi: χ
  • psi: ψ
  • omega: ω

Uppercase

  • Gamma: Γ
  • Delta: Δ
  • Theta: Θ
  • Lambda: Λ
  • Xi: Ξ
  • Pi: Π
  • Sigma: Σ
  • Phi: Φ
  • Psi: Ψ
  • Omega: Ω