Click-to-copy symbols¶
This is here because I sometimes used Windows and don’t know the shortcuts.
Click on a symbol to copy it.
Ultra-common¶
- en dash:
–
- apostrophe:
’
-
ellipsis:
…
-
single quotation marks:
‘’
-
double quotation marks:
“”
-
micro:
µ
- not equal:
≠
- approximately equal:
≈
- less than or equal:
≤
- greater than or equal:
≥
- superscript minus 1:
⁻¹
Punctuation¶
Dashes¶
- en dash:
–
- em dash:
—
- figure dash:
‒
- horizontal bar:
―
Bullets¶
- middle dot:
·
- bullet:
•
- hyphen bullet:
⁃
- triangle bullet:
‣
Miscellaneous¶
- apostrophe:
’
- ellipsis:
…
- midline horizontal ellipsis:
⋯
- interpunct:
·
- non-breaking space:
(
) - non-breaking hyphen:
‑
(‑
)
Quotation marks, parentheses, and brackets¶
- single quotation marks:
‘’
- double quotation marks:
“”
- superscript parentheses:
⁽⁾
-
subscript parentheses:
₍₎
-
tortoise shells:
❲❳
- single chevrons:
‹›
- double chevrons:
«»
- corner brackets:
「」
- curved angle brackets:
⧼⧽
Footnote marks¶
Recommended¶
- footnote dagger:
†
- double dagger:
‡
- section mark:
§
- musical sharp:
♯
- musical natural:
♮
- lozenge:
◊
Other¶
- small asterisk:
⁎
- paragraph mark (false pilcrow):
¶
- musical flat:
♭
- musical quarter note:
♩
- fleuron:
☙
- spades:
♤
- hearts:
♡
- clubs:
♧
Arrows¶
One-way, simple¶
- left arrow:
←
- right arrow:
→
- up arrow:
↑
- down arrow:
↓
- left arrow from bar:
↤
- right arrow from bar:
↦
- left arrow to bar:
⇤
- right arrow to bar:
⇥
One-way, curved¶
- clockwise arrow:
↻
- anticlockwise arrow:
↺
- left arrow with hook:
↩
- right arrow with hook:
↪
One-way, long¶
- long left arrow:
⟵
- long right arrow:
⟶
- long left arrow from bar:
⟻
- long right arrow from bar:
⟼
One-way, double¶
- left double arrow:
⇒
- right double arrow:
⇐
One-way, large¶
- left white arrow:
⇦
- right white arrow:
⇨
- up white arrow:
⇧
- down white arrow:
⇩
Two-way, simple¶
- left–right arrow:
↔
- up–down arrow:
↕
- right arrow over left arrow:
⇄
- left arrow over right arrow:
⇆
Two-way, other¶
- long left–right arrow:
⟷
- double left–right arrow:
⇔
Superscript and subscript¶
Superscript¶
- superscript 0:
⁰
- superscript 1:
¹
- superscript 2:
²
- superscript 3:
³
- superscript 4:
⁴
- superscript 5:
⁵
- superscript 6:
⁶
- superscript 7:
⁷
- superscript 8:
⁸
-
superscript 9:
⁹
-
superscript minus:
⁻
- superscript i:
ⁱ
- superscript n:
ⁿ
- superscript parentheses:
⁽⁾
Subscript¶
- subscript 0:
₀
- subscript 1:
₁
- subscript 2:
₂
- subscript 3:
₃
- subscript 4:
₄
- subscript 5:
₅
- subscript 6:
₆
- subscript 7:
₇
- subscript 8:
₈
-
subscript 9:
₉
-
subscript minus:
₋
- subscript plus:
₊
- subscript equals:
₌
- subscript i:
ᵢ
- subscript k:
ₖ
- subscript m:
ₘ
- subscript n:
ₙ
- subscript s:
ₛ
- subscript t:
ₜ
- subscript parentheses:
₍₎
Mathematical¶
When to use these
Some characters might be used in non-mathematical contexts, such as in (−1.6 ±0.2) µm (SE). Of course, LaTeX and MathML are always better for typesetting math. But in (say) source code comments, using the correct Unicode characters can improve readability. For example, this is quite readable:
Common¶
- minus:
−
- plus-minus:
±
- multiplication / times:
×
- increment / change:
∆
- ell:
ℓ
-
infinity:
∞
-
tilde (operator):
∼
- proportional:
∝
- right arrow:
→
- maps to:
↦
-
empty set:
∅
-
degree:
°
- micro:
µ
-
Angstrom:
Å
-
prime:
′
- double prime:
″
- triple prime:
‴
Brackets¶
- angle brackets:
⟨⟩
- double angle brackets:
⟪⟫
- ceiling:
⌈⌉
- floor:
⌊⌋
Equality and inequality operators¶
- not equal:
≠
- “almost” equal / approximation:
≈
- “approximately” equal / isomorphic:
≅
- asymptotically equal / similar / homotopic:
≃
- equivalent / congruent:
≡
- not approximately equal:
≇
- colon equals:
≔
- question equal:
≟
Ordering operators¶
- less than or equal:
≤
- greater than or equal:
≥
- much less:
≪
- much greater:
≫
Logic¶
- true:
⊤
- false:
⊥
- for all / forall:
∀
- there exists:
∃
- complement:
∁
- negation / not:
¬
Boolean operators¶
- and (wedge):
∧
- or (vee):
∨
- xor (wedge):
⊻
- nand:
⊼
-
nor:
⊽
-
implies (single):
→
- implies (double):
⇒
-
implies (long, double):
⟹
-
iff (single):
↔
- iff (double):
⇔
- iff (long, double):
⟺
Operators on sets¶
- element of:
∈
- not element of:
∉
- union:
⋃
- intersection:
⋂
- set minus:
∖
Set comparison operators¶
- proper subset:
⊂
- proper superset:
⊃
- subset or equal:
⊆
-
superset or equal: ⊇
-
not a proper subset:
⊄
- not a proper superset:
⊅
- neither subset nor equal:
⊈
- neither superset nor equal:
⊉
Ordered set operators¶
- strictly precedes:
≺
- strictly succeeds:
≻
- precedes or equals:
≾
-
succeeds or equals:
≽
-
does not strictly precede:
⊀
- does not strictly succeed:
⊁
- neither precedes nor equals:
⋠
- neither succeeds nor equals:
⋟
- equivalent in rank (tilde):
∼
Type theory and lattices¶
- equivalent type (tilde):
∼
- refines (is subtype):
⊑
- refined by (is supertype):
⊒
- strictly refines:
⊏
- strictly refined by:
⊐
- top type (universal type):
⊤
- bottom type (uninhabited type):
⊥
Blackboard¶
- blackboard 1 / identity:
𝟙
- blackboard B / booleans:
𝔹
- blackboard C / complex numbers:
ℂ
- blackboard E / expectation:
𝔼
- blackboard F / finite field:
𝔽
- blackboard H / quaternions:
ℍ
- blackboard N / natural numbers:
ℕ
- blackboard P / probability measure:
ℙ
- blackboard Q / rational numbers:
ℚ
- blackboard R / real numbers:
ℝ
- blackboard Z / integers:
ℤ
Mathcal-like (bold)¶
- mathcal D / differential operator:
𝓓
- mathcal F / σ-algebra:
𝓕
- mathcal H / Hilbert space:
𝓗
- mathcal J / ideal (ring theory):
𝓙
- mathcal L / Lagrangian:
𝓛
- mathcal O / big-O:
𝓞
- mathcal P / power set:
𝓟
- mathcal T / transform:
𝓣
Miscellaneous¶
- composition:
∘
- circled times / tensor product:
⊗
- circled plus / direct sum:
⊕
- partial derivative:
∂
- integral:
∫
- line integral:
∮
- sine wave:
∿
Greek letters¶
Lowercase¶
- alpha:
α
- beta:
β
- gamma:
γ
- delta:
δ
- epsilon:
ε
- zeta:
ζ
- eta:
η
- theta:
θ
- iota:
ι
- kappa:
κ
- lambda:
λ
- mu:
μ
- nu:
ν
- xi:
ξ
- omicron:
ο
- pi:
π
- rho:
ρ
- sigma:
σ
- tau:
τ
- upsilon:
υ
- phi:
φ
- varphi:
φ
- chi:
χ
- psi:
ψ
- omega:
ω
Uppercase¶
- Gamma:
Γ
- Delta:
Δ
- Theta:
Θ
- Lambda:
Λ
- Xi:
Ξ
- Pi:
Π
- Sigma:
Σ
- Phi:
Φ
- Psi:
Ψ
- Omega:
Ω